This Week in Virology

TWiV reviews cases of measles in Brooklyn NY and Washington DC, stalling of global childhood vaccination, licenses H5N1 vaccines protect against circulating strains, viruses traveling without passports. OC43 SARS-CoV- 2 spike replacement virus as an improved BSL-2 proxy virus for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays, and deep mutational scanning reveals functional constraints and antibody-escape potential of Lassa virus glycoprotein complex. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord ServerBrooklyn NYWashington DCchildhood immunization stallsLicensed H5N1 vaccineswithout passportsreplacement spike virusLassa virus glycoprotein Letters readJolene Weekly Picks Dickson – Elemental sulfur found on Mars Kathy – Lennette Lectures at ASV, including Gail Wertz, ASV 2024 Rich – Electricity maps (Opinions: Nuclear Waste Is Misunderstood; Should We Be Worried About Nuclear Waste?) Alan – Nature sent an investigative reporter to a predatory conference Vincent – Coal-filled trains are likely sending people to the hospital Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv Content in this podcast should not be construed as medical advice.

In his weekly clinical update, Dr, Daniel Griffin reviews President Biden’s case of COVID, reviews recent statistics on SARS-CoV-2 infection, discusses post-acute sequelae after infection during pregnancy, the use of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for post-exposure prophylaxis, where to find Pemgarda, effectiveness of combined nirmatrelvir-ritonavir-molnupiravir treatment, effectiveness of Ensitrelvir in reducing severe outcomes in outpatients at high risk for COVID-19, effectiveness of combined nirmatrelvir-ritonavir-molnupiravir treatment in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, CDC update of Long COVID Basics page, postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pre-delta, delta, and omicron eras, Long COVID risk has dropped over time but remains substantial, efficacy of antivirals, corticosteroids, and mAbs as acute COVID treatments in reducing the incidence of long COVID, and the interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode CNNUSA Todaynational trend deathspostexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19infusion center locatorcall Daniel CDC QuarantineEarly phase NIH Infectious Disease Society guidelineschecker Combined treatmenteffectiveness of combination therapysafetyimmunocompromised Isolationshortagesdexamethasone Anticoagulation Long COVID is definedANSWERS The FACTS:BASICSpre-delta, delta, and omicron erasrisk has dropped over timeacute COVID treatments in reducing the incidence of long COVIDDiet and the gut microbiomeFloating DoctorsLetters readpdfJolene Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews the potential impact on science of the Supreme Court ruling in the Chevron decision, measles in New Hampshire and Vermont, new who proposed terminology for respiratory pathogen transmission, and pathogenicity and transmission of bovine H5N1 influenza virus. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Rich Condit Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord Serveronetwothree Measlesbovine H5N1 virusLetters readJolene Weekly Picks Dickson – Stockholm Wood City Rich – “The Wide Wide Sea” by Hampton Sides Vincent – Tour de France stage 12 Listener Picks Amy – Earth Forced from the Protective Heliosphere: What Do We know? Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv Content in this podcast should not be construed as medical advice.

In his weekly clinical update, Dr. Griffin discusses H5N1 influenza in the bird and cow communities of Colorado and Michigan and dengue in New York and the US before reviewing the recent statistics on SARS-CoV-2 infection, the absence of association with proton pump inhibitors and COVID-19 severity in children, where to find PEMGARDA, the effectiveness of molnupiravir and dexamethasone, convalescent plasma, what to do when healthcare workers succumb to SARS-CoV-2 infection, a resource of long COVID answers, how the WHO and CDC define long COVID and how it compares to ME/CSF. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode birds and cows Flu pandemicWeld county9.7 million dengue cases Long Islandnational trend deathsproton pump inhibitors Wherecall Daniel CDC QuarantineEarly phase NIH Infectious Disease Society guidelinescheckersafetyimmunocompromisedheathcare provider shortagesdexamethasonedesamethasone, Anticoagulation ANSWERS The FACTS:BASICSMyalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue SyndromeFloating DoctorsLetters readpdfJolene Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews measles in Kenya, a trial for a intranasal COVID vaccine, dengue in the Florida Keys and in Central/South America, Spain connecting government with scientists, T cell activation and viral RNA fragments persist for up to 2 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and durable cross-reactive and protective antibodies against avian N2 neuraminidases elicited by A(H2N2) and A(H3N2) influenza pandemics. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Alan Dove Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord Server MeaslesCOVID vaccineFlorida KeysCentral/South Americascientists with governmentPersistence of T cells and viral RNAantibodies against avian N2Letters readJolene Weekly Picks Alan – The first few minutes of this video by Roger Barnes Vincent – Billy & Molly: An Otter Love Story Listener Picks Fernando – A City on Mars Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In his weekly clinical update, Dr. Griffin discusses the fourth US case of H5N1 human infection and reminds the audience of the definition of “pasteurization” before reviewing the recent statistics on SARS-CoV-2 infection, where to find PEMGARDA, the effectiveness of molnupiravir and dexamethasone, convalescent plasma, what to do when healthcare workers succumb to SARS-CoV-2 infection, how an EEG can be used to look for signatures of cognitive decline after SARS-CoV-2 infection and what we observed 2 years following SARS-CoV-2 infection for tissue-resident T cell and viral RNA persistence. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Fourth case human infectiondefinition“raw”national trend deathsCOVID-19 surges Wherecall Daniel CDC QuarantineEarly phase NIH Infectious Disease Society guidelinescheckersafetyworksimmunocompromisedheathcare provider shortagesdexamethasonedexamethasone, Anticoagulationcognitive decline2 years afterFloating DoctorsLetters readpdfJolene Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV discusses secret anti-vax campaign run by Pentagon to undermine China during pandemic, NY governor’s subways mask ban proposal, Colorado bat facility sparks outbreak fears, House budget billls suggest ban on gain of function research, evolution of STAT2 resistance to flavivirus NS5, and brainwide silencing of prion protein by AAV-mediated delivery of an epigenetic editor. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Alan Dove Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord Serverundermine Chinasubway mask banbat facilitygain of function researchSTAT2 resistanceBrainwide silencing of prion proteinLettersJolene Weekly Picks Dickson – Mars Odyssey Orbiter is about to make its 100,000th orbit Alan – Local animal shelters and “kitten season.” Vincent – Supreme Court allows cities to ban homeless people sleeping outside, even when shelter space is lacking Listener Picks Blog design – Trump vows to defund schools requiring vaccines for students Jon – Detections of highly pathogenic avian influenza in mammals Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv Content in this podcast should not be construed as medical advice.

In his weekly clinical update, Dr. Griffin discusses RSV vaccination recommendations and revisions to guidelines before reviewing the recent statistics on SARS-CoV-2 infection, data suggesting that individuals with high HLA-DQA2 expression (MHC class II) are better at preventing the onset of a sustained viral infection, how moderate coffee intake can reduce risk of COVID-19 severity but cannabis use resulted in more severe disease but reduced risk of mortality, where to find PEMGARDA, if statin use prevented severe COVID-19, the benefit of administering nirmatrelvir and ritonavir after 5 days, convalescent plasma, what do when healthcare workers succumb to SARS-CoV-2 infection, if fecal microbiota transplants aid in recovery from COVID-19, and the definition of characteristics and clinical patterns for the diagnosis of long COVID. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode RSVage 75 and older Revised national trend deathsLocal and systemic Drink more coffeesmoking in general NOT goodstill provide Where CDC QuarantineEarly phase NIH Infectious Disease Society guidelinesstatin therapyimprovedsafetyimmunocompromisedheathcare provider shortagesdexamethasone Anticoagulation cures phenotypedistinct symptom-basedFloating DoctorsLetters readpdfJolene Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews criticism of NIAID monkeypox virus experiments by House Republicans, spread of wild poliovirus across Afghanistan and Pakistan, plan to overhaul NIH by House lawmakers, and the potential pandemic risk of circulating swine H1N2 influenza viruses. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Brianne Barker, and Angela Mingarelli Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord ServerHBV Meetingevasive answers on monkeypox viruspdf Wild poliovirus spreads overhaul NIHpdfPotential pandemic riskJolene Weekly Picks Angela – Staring at the Sun — close-up images from space rewrite solar science Brianne – Water frost detected on Mars Volcanos Dickson – Best view yet of the Crab Nebula Vincent – Will Your Tattoo Give You Cancer: Probably Not…but Maybe? Listener Picks Jessica – Manchurian plague Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv Content in this podcast should not be construed as medical advice.

In his weekly clinical update, Dr. Griffin reviews the recent statistics on SARS-CoV-2 infection, before discussing methods for sterilizing filtering facepieces, an update to the fall COVID boosters, the emergency use application of a pre-exposure prophylactic and where to find it and drug interaction database, convalescent plasma, the effectiveness of the monoclonal antibody sotrovimab against Omicron variants, what to do when healthcare workers succumb to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the need for better nursing resources, how survivors of COVID-19-associated ARDS exhibited sustained elevation in endothelial dysfunction biomarkers, correlating with the severity of impaired gas exchange, reactivation of latent CMV as a consequence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, identification of variables that might impact or predict a person’s time to recovery from an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and if COVID-19 patients really have olfactory dysfunction more often than normally smelling individuals. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode national trend deathssterilizing filtering facepiece Booster update EUA for pemgarda Where CDC QuarantineEarly phase NIH Infectious Disease Society guidelinesDrug interaction checkersafetyimmunocompromised Revisiting monoclonal antibody therapyhealthcare provider shortagesdexamethasone Anticoagulation nurse staffingsevere postCMV reactionrecovery from acuteReduced olfactory bulb volume with dysfunctionFloating DoctorsLetters readpdfJolene Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Vincent travels to Europic 2024 in Jyväskylä, Finland to speak with Tapani Hovi and Caroline Tapparel about their careers and their research on enteroviruses and elimination of poliomyelitis. Host: Vincent Racaniello Guests: Tapani Hovi and Caroline Tapparel Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode banknotesVariant EV-A71enterovirusesmouse cells producing Pvrparalytic poliomyelitis environmental poliovirus surveillance Jolene Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv Content in this podcast should not be construed as medical advice.

In his weekly clinical update, Dr. Griffin discusses expanded use of the RSV vaccine by GSK, how the youngest member of the MicrobeTV family was hospitalized with RSV, why we are seeing more RSV infections than before the pandemic and how administration of monoclonal antibody therapy does not prevent infection but disease, before reviewing the weekly US COVID update, how SARS-CoV-2 affects neurodevelopment of the fetus and probability of preeclampsia, if giving Paxlovid prevents long COVID, and FDA recommends switching from the XBB.1.5 variant to JN.1 for fall COVID-19 vaccine formulations. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode YoungImmuneafter pandemicNirsevimabnotTWiV tells it likes it isexpanded 50-59high risk 50-year oldsdeathsnational trendNeurodevelopmental delay Preeclampsiachildren and adolescentsfallswitch EUA for pemgardaInfusion centers CDC quarantineEarly phase NIH Infectious Disease Society guidelinesDrug interaction checkersafetyimmunocompromisedrespiratory virushealthcare providershortagesdexamethasone AnticoagulationTWiVpreventsFloating DoctorsLetters readpdfJolene Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV rebuts a recent opinion piece which falsely claims that the COVID-19 pandemic began in a lab (it began in Nature). This material has been extracted from TWiV 1121. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, Brianne Barker, and Jolene Ramsey Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord ServerTWiV 1019: Eddie Holmes on SARS-CoV-2 originsTWiV 1017: From Nature, not a labTWiV 995: Viral origin storiesTWiV 940: Eddie Holmes in on viral originsTWiV 876: Spillover market with Michael WorobeyTWiV 762: SARS-CoV-2 origins with Robert GarryTWiV 760: SARS-CoV-2 origins with Peter Daszak, Thea Kølsen Fischer, Marion KoopmansTWiV 774: Kristian Andersen, Robert Garry, and the deleted SARS-CoV-2 sequences5 Key PointsJolene Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv Content in this podcast should not be construed as medical advice.

TWiV rebuts a recent opinion piece which falsely claims that the COVID-19 pandemic began in a lab (it began in Nature), followed by a discussion of Paride bacteriophage, which has the unsual property of being able to kill dormant, antibiotic-tolerant cells by direct lytic replication. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, Brianne Barker, and Jolene Ramsey Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord ServerHBV MeetingASV Annual MeetingTWiV 1019: Eddie Holmes on SARS-CoV-2 originsTWiV 1017: From Nature, not a labTWiV 995: Viral origin storiesTWiV 940: Eddie Holmes in on viral originsTWiV 876: Spillover market with Michael WorobeyTWiV 762: SARS-CoV-2 origins with Robert GarryTWiV 760: SARS-CoV-2 origins with Peter Daszak, Thea Kølsen Fischer, Marion KoopmansTWiV 774: Kristian Andersen, Robert Garry, and the deleted SARS-CoV-2 sequences5 Key Pointsdormant, antibiotic-tolerant cellsPseudomonas aeruginosaEnea MaffeiJolene Weekly Picks Brianne – How to build a nuclear warning for 10,000 years’ time Rich – Doctor My Eyes | Jackson Browne Alan – WHO Health for All Film Festival winners Jolene – El enemigo de mi enemigo es mi amigo Vincent – A Population Dotmap of New York City and Race and Ethnicity in New York City Listener Picks David – The greatest clock (and map) ever made Peter – The Mouse as a Microscope Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In his weekly clinical update, Dr. Griffin reports the third case of influenza H5N1 infection in a human, this time with respiratory symptoms, an H5 avian influenza virus wastewater dashboard, FDA approves Moderna’s mRNA vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus, vaccine advisors to FDA recommend switching from the XBB.1.5 variant to JN.1 for fall COVID-19 vaccine formulations, weekly US COVID update, a controlled human exhaled breath aerosol experimental study on the relative efficacy of masks and respirators as source control for viral aerosol shedding from people infected with SARS-CoV-2, systematic review of early use of oral antiviral drugs and the risk of post COVID-19 syndrome, long-COVID autonomic syndrome in working age and work ability impairment, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 5.3% of Americans currently have long COVID, and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine presented a report with a number of conclusions about long-COVID diagnosis, symptoms, and impact on daily function. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Michigan Not eye but respiratoryH5N1 dashboard FDA Moderna RSV vaccine Moderna FDA VRBPAC JN.1 variantnational trend deaths source control advice Older adult slides EUA for pemgarda Where CDC QuarantineEarly phase NIH Infectious Disease Society guidelinesDrug interaction checkersafetyimmunocompromised respiratory virushealthcare provider shortages dexamethasone Anticoagulation oral antiviral drugs Early antiviral useautonomicassessment toolpopulation with long COVID many symptoms Long-term health effectsTWiVFloating Doctors fundraiser Letters read on TWiV 1120pdf)Jolene. Thanks! Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews viral shedding and antibody responses of men with acute monkeypox virus infection, and gene editing for latent herpes simplex virus infection reduces viral load and shedding. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Angela Mingarelli Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord ServerCafepressHBV MeetingNext Generation GrantsASV Annual MeetingsheddingGene editingLetters readJolene Weekly Picks Angela – Unconventional Sex Let Anglerfish Conquer the Deep Ocean Kathy – Doonesbury from 5-26-24. And Publish or Perish game Rich – Sky: Giant Sunspot Region 3664 and Resulting Auroras APOD video Vincent – Mysterious sea urchin plague is spreading through the world’s oceans Listener Pick Abdulaziz – Biomedical Scientist Answers Pseudoscience Questions Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv Content in this podcast should not be construed as medical advice.

In his weekly clinical update, Dr. Griffin delves into highly pathogenic H5N1 infection of hunting dogs, dairy cattle, humans and alpacas before reviewing the recent statistics on SARS-CoV-2 infection, risks factors associated with the development of severe COVID-19 in pediatric patients, virus transmission on commercial airline flights, the guidelines for spring administration of COVID vaccines boosters, the emergency use application of a pre-exposure prophylactic, a drug interaction database, absence of durability of XBB.1.15 vaccine induced immunity and continues to dispel the myth of viral rebound, when to use steroids and the benefits of convalescent plasma, what do when healthcare workers succumb to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discusses why development of long COVID should be included in the development of treatments for acute viral disease, if vaccination effects long COVID, structural impairment of brain during long COVID, how cognitive and respiratory function may be compromised in long COVID. For more information about long COVID-19 listen to TWiV 1088 and for H5N1 in dairy cattle and unpasteurized milk TWiV 1117. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Bird dogs antibodies Dairy cattle and 2 humanscow’s milk infectedTWiV 1117: Alpacasalpacas in Idahodeathsnational trendpediatric critical Kids and their underlying conditionsairline flightsadvice Older adultslidesdurable immune EUA for pemgardaInfusion centers CDC quarantineEarly phase NIH Infectious Disease Society guidelinesDrug interaction checkersafetyimmunocompromisedrespiratory virushealthcare providershortagesdexamethasone AnticoagulationTWiV following Why includeCerebral microstructural alterationschildren and young adultslung hyperinflationTWiVFloating DoctorsLetters readpdfJolene Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV discusses presence of infectious avian H5N1 influenza virus in raw milk from infected dairy cows. dynamics of measles immunity from birth and following vaccination, and a mechanism for cis-preferential reverse transcription revealed by deep mutational scanning of hepatitis B virus. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord ServerCafepressHBV MeetingNext Generation GrantsASV Annual Meeting H5N1 influenza virus in raw cow milkmeasles virus immunityHBV reverse transcriptionJolene Weekly Picks Dickson – Oldest virus in Neanderthal bones Brianne – Jeopardy! winner reveals entwined memory systems make a trivia champion Kathy – Bright future of intelligent fabrics primary article and Self-dyeing textiles (primary article) Rich – Farewell to HD Atlas; Boston Dynamics Retires HD Atlas Robot Alan – Why vaccinating cattle against H5N1 is hard Vincent – Singapore Airlines turbulence: why climate change is making flights rougher Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In his weekly clinical update, Dr. Griffin delves highly pathogenic H5N1 biology including its circulation in New York City, being able to infect cells within mammary glands and why testing is not supported before reviewing the recent statistics on SARS-CoV-2 infection, how vaccination reduced deaths and hospitalizations associated with COVID-19 and how to take off PPE to reduce virus transmission, discussing the guidelines for spring administration of COVID vaccines boosters, the emergency use application of a pre-exposure prophylactic, a drug interaction database and the global phase 3 trail of a novel antiviral, continues to dispel the myth of viral rebound, when to use steroids and the benefits of convalescent plasma, what do when healthcare workers succumb to SARS-CoV-2 infection, reminisces about when available monoclonal antibody therapies were effective, and discusses muscle training/exercise for treatment of PASC/long COVID and the use of RNase for its treatment. For more information about long COVID-19 listen to TWiV 1088. Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Clade 2.3.4.4binfluenza A receptors inlivestock infecteddairy worker Reluctancenational trend deathsprevaccination era Slightly less than halfadvice Older adult slides Advisory committee for immunization practices EUA for pemgarda CDC QuarantineEarly phaseNIH Infectious Disease Society guidelinesDrug interaction checker Global phase 3 studysafetyimmunocompromisedrespiratory virusheathcare provider shortagesmonoclonal antibody therapies workeddexamethasone Anticoagulation Global Cardiopulmonary exercisesRSVL-132 Muscle trainingTWiVFloating DoctorsLetters readpdfJolene Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews results of a phase 3 trial of a self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, and the finding that baseline innate and T cell populations are correlates of protection against symptomatic influenza virus infection independent of serology. Hosts: Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord ServerCafepressNext Generation Grantsself-amplifying mRNAself-amplifying mRNA vaccineRNA machinescorrelates of protectionJolene Weekly Picks Dickson - Nitrogen-fixing organelle in a marine alga Brianne – Mapping a lost branch of the Nile Alan – Interactive version of the updated USDA gardening zone map on NPR. Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv